New data suggest that the risk from covid infection in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is no different than the risk in general population. Severe outcomes are associated with older age, black race, kidney disease and greater disability.

Disease modifying therapies do not worsen the course of the disease with the probable exception of anti -CD 20 drugs.

The prevention of dementia starts in childhood and continues until the third age. It is never too early or too late in life course for dementia prevention. Education at younger than 45 years affects cognitive reserve. Mid-life and late-life risks may trigger detrimental neuropathological developments.

By the 2017, the Lancet Commission on dementia prevention had modelled nine modifiable risk factors: less education,